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Electrical Procedures

Coil Resistance Test: Step-by-Step Guide

Relay and  Contactor coils  are the electromagnetic basis of  Automation circuits,  Control panels and  Motor starters. When a contactor fails...
Electrical Interview

Harmonics Protection: Questions & Answers

1. What is 2nd Harmonic? 2nd harmonic is a frequency component whose frequency is exactly...
Transformers

Transformer Failure Analysis and Troubleshooting

Power transformers are designed to operate reliably for several decades. However, because of electrical faults,...
Software

Basic Bit Logic Instructions in Ladder Diagram

Ladder Diagram (LD) is a graphical PLC language standardized in IEC 61131-3 and modelled...
Software

PLC System Architecture: How does It Work?

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is an industrial computer designed to monitor, control and...
Software

IT vs OT Cybersecurity: Key Differences

IT Cybersecurity Information Technology (IT) comprises systems used to create, process, store and exchange information.  Table...
Switchgear

Push Buttons and Selector Switches in Control Panels

What are Operator Control Devices? Push buttons and selector switches are human-machine interface devices mounted...
Transmission

Substation Control Systems: RTCC, RTU, DCDB and Battery Charger

A modern substation depends on several auxiliary systems that work together with primary equipment...
Basic Electrical

Basic Electronics Fundamentals – AC to DC Conversion

AC-to-DC conversion is a fundamental process in power electronics.  Table of ContentsRectification: Converting AC into...
Electrical Calculators

Battery Backup Calculator

Battery Backup Calculator explains how a battery backup calculator works, the formulas behind it,...
Electrical Projects

Electrical BOQ Preparation for Substations and Cables

Purpose  This post analyses the Electrical Bill of Quantities (BOQ) for the substation and cable...
Electrical How to

33kV / 11kV Substation Single Line Diagram (SLD)

A single line diagram represents a three-phase power system using single line and standard...
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